Chemistry · Organic Chemistry

Organic Compounds Containing Halogens formulas for JEE

Every Organic Compounds Containing Halogens formula you need for JEE, grouped by concept.

FormulasRevision notes
28 formulas1 concepts
01Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Reactions
01

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Reactions

28 formulas

SN1 Reaction Rate Law

Rate=k[R−X]\text{Rate} = k[R-X]

First-order kinetics rate law for Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1).

applies whenPolar protic solvents, stable carbocation formation.
kineticsSN1

SN2 Reaction Rate Law

Rate=k[R−X][Nu−]\text{Rate} = k[R-X][Nu^-]

Second-order kinetics rate law for Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution (SN2).

applies whenPolar aprotic solvents, less sterically hindered substrate.
kineticsSN2

Reaction with AgCN

R−X+AgCN→R−NC+AgXR-X + AgCN \rightarrow R-NC + AgX

Nucleophilic substitution with covalent silver cyanide yielding alkyl isocyanides.

applies whenCovalent reagent, attack via Nitrogen.
nucleophilic_substitutionambident

Reaction with AgNO2

R−X+AgNO2→R−NO2+AgXR-X + AgNO_2 \rightarrow R-NO_2 + AgX

Nucleophilic substitution yielding nitroalkanes.

applies whenCovalent reagent, linkage through nitrogen.
nucleophilic_substitutionambident

Darzens Process

R−OH+SOCl2→R−Cl+SO2↑+HCl↑R-OH + SOCl_2 \rightarrow R-Cl + SO_2\uparrow + HCl\uparrow

Preferred method for preparing alkyl chlorides using thionyl chloride.

applies whenBest for pure R-Cl synthesis because byproducts are escapable gases.
preparationalcoholsdarzens

Dow's Process

C6H5Cl→300 atm, then H+NaOH,623 KC6H5OHC_6H_5Cl \xrightarrow[300\text{ atm}, \text{ then } H^+]{NaOH, 623\text{ K}} C_6H_5OH

Conversion of chlorobenzene to phenol under drastic conditions.

applies whenExtreme temperature and pressure required due to partial double bond character of C-Cl.
nucleophilic_aromatic_substitution

E1 Reaction Rate Law

Rate=k[R−X]\text{Rate} = k[R-X]

First-order kinetics rate law for Unimolecular Elimination (E1).

applies whenWeak base, polar protic solvent, heat, stable carbocation.
kineticseliminationE1jee-advanced

E2 Reaction Rate Law

Rate=k[R−X][B−]\text{Rate} = k[R-X][B^-]

Second-order kinetics rate law for Bimolecular Elimination (E2).

applies whenStrong bulky base, heat, anti-periplanar beta-hydrogen.
kineticseliminationE2jee-advanced

Finkelstein Reaction

R−X+NaI→dry acetoneR−I+NaX↓R-X + NaI \xrightarrow{\text{dry acetone}} R-I + NaX\downarrow

Halogen exchange reaction to prepare alkyl iodides.

applies whenX = Cl, Br. Driven forward by precipitation of NaX in dry acetone.
preparationhalogen_exchangenamed_reaction

Fittig Reaction

2Ar−X+2Na→dry etherAr−Ar+2NaX2Ar-X + 2Na \xrightarrow{\text{dry ether}} Ar-Ar + 2NaX

Coupling of two aryl halides to form a diaryl/biphenyl.

applies whenDry ether solvent.
couplingnamed_reactiondiaryl

Grignard Reaction with Water

RMgX+H2O→RH+Mg(OH)XRMgX + H_2O \rightarrow RH + Mg(OH)X

Destruction of Grignard reagent by acidic hydrogen (like water) to form alkanes.

applies whenOccurs in presence of trace moisture or any acidic proton (alcohols, amines).
organometallicgrignard

Grignard Reagent Preparation

R−X+Mg→dry etherRMgXR-X + Mg \xrightarrow{\text{dry ether}} RMgX

Formation of alkyl magnesium halide from haloalkane.

applies whenMust be completely moisture-free.
organometallicgrignard

Reaction with KCN

R−X+KCN→R−CN+KXR-X + KCN \rightarrow R-CN + KX

Nucleophilic substitution with ionic potassium cyanide yielding alkyl cyanides.

applies whenPredominantly ionic reagent, attack via Carbon.
nucleophilic_substitutionambident

Reaction with KNO2

R−X+KNO2→R−O−N=O+KXR-X + KNO_2 \rightarrow R-O-N=O + KX

Nucleophilic substitution yielding alkyl nitrites.

applies whenIonic reagent, linkage through oxygen.
nucleophilic_substitutionambident

Reduction with LiAlH4

R−X+LiAlH4→R−HR-X + LiAlH_4 \rightarrow R-H

Nucleophilic substitution by hydride ion yielding an alkane.

applies whenStrong reducing agent required.
reductionnucleophilic_substitution

Markovnikov Addition of HX

R−CH=CH2+HX→R−CH(X)−CH3R-CH=CH_2 + HX \rightarrow R-CH(X)-CH_3

Addition of hydrogen halide to an unsymmetrical alkene.

applies whenNegative part of addendum attaches to carbon with fewer hydrogens.
additionalkene

Enantiomeric Excess (Optical Purity)

ee%=[α]mixture[α]pure enantiomer×100ee\% = \frac{[\alpha]_{\text{mixture}}}{[\alpha]_{\text{pure enantiomer}}} \times 100

Calculation of enantiomeric excess in a racemic or partially resolved mixture.

applies whenUsed for optically active mixtures.
stereochemistryenantiomeric_excessjee-advanced

Haloalkane from Alcohol (HCl)

R−OH+HCl→ZnCl2R−Cl+H2OR-OH + HCl \xrightarrow{ZnCl_2} R-Cl + H_2O

Preparation of alkyl chloride using HCl and zinc chloride catalyst (Lucas Reagent).

applies whenPrimary and secondary alcohols require ZnCl2. Tertiary acts at room temp.
preparationalcoholslucas

Haloalkane from Alcohol (NaBr)

R−OH+NaBr+H2SO4→R−Br+NaHSO4+H2OR-OH + NaBr + H_2SO_4 \rightarrow R-Br + NaHSO_4 + H_2O

Preparation of alkyl bromide using sodium bromide and sulfuric acid.

applies whenUsed for alkyl bromides.
preparationalcohols

Haloalkane from Alcohol (PX3)

3R−OH+PX3→3R−X+H3PO33R-OH + PX_3 \rightarrow 3R-X + H_3PO_3

Preparation of alkyl halide using phosphorus trihalide.

applies whenX = Cl, Br. For Br and I, PBr3 and PI3 are generated in situ from red P and X2.
preparationalcohols

Esterification with Silver Carboxylate

R−X+R′COOAg→R′COOR+AgX↓R-X + R'COOAg \rightarrow R'COOR + AgX\downarrow

Reaction of alkyl halide with silver salt of carboxylic acid.

esterificationnucleophilic_substitution

SN1 Reactivity Order

3∘>2∘>1∘>CH3X3^\circ > 2^\circ > 1^\circ > CH_3X

Order of reactivity of alkyl halides in SN1 reactions based on carbocation stability.

applies whenAssumes identical halogen leaving groups.
reactivity_trendSN1

SN2 Reactivity Order

CH3X>1∘>2∘>3∘CH_3X > 1^\circ > 2^\circ > 3^\circ

Order of reactivity of alkyl halides in SN2 reactions based on steric hindrance.

applies whenAssumes identical halogen leaving groups.
reactivity_trendSN2

Specific Optical Rotation Formula

[α]λT=αl×c[\alpha]_\lambda^T = \frac{\alpha}{l \times c}

Formula to calculate specific optical rotation of a chiral compound.

applies whenl in dm, c in g/mL.
stereochemistryoptical_activityjee-advanced

Swarts Reaction

R−X+AgF→R−F+AgX↓R-X + AgF \rightarrow R-F + AgX\downarrow

Halogen exchange reaction to prepare alkyl fluorides.

applies whenX = Cl, Br. Heating with metallic fluorides like AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2, or SbF3.
preparationhalogen_exchangenamed_reaction

Williamson Ether Synthesis

R−X+NaOR′→R−O−R′+NaXR-X + NaOR' \rightarrow R-O-R' + NaX

Reaction of alkyl halide with sodium alkoxide.

applies whenBest yields with primary alkyl halides.
ether_synthesisnucleophilic_substitution

Wurtz Reaction

2R−X+2Na→dry etherR−R+2NaX2R-X + 2Na \xrightarrow{\text{dry ether}} R-R + 2NaX

Coupling of two alkyl halides with sodium to form a symmetrical alkane.

applies whenDry ether solvent.
couplingnamed_reactionalkane_synthesis

Wurtz-Fittig Reaction

Ar−X+R−X+2Na→dry etherAr−R+2NaXAr-X + R-X + 2Na \xrightarrow{\text{dry ether}} Ar-R + 2NaX

Coupling of an alkyl halide and an aryl halide to form an alkylarene.

applies whenDry ether solvent.
couplingnamed_reactionalkylarene
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