Chemistry · Organic Chemistry

Organic Compounds Containing Halogens formulas for JEE

Every Organic Compounds Containing Halogens formula you need for JEE, grouped by concept.

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QuestionState the formula — SN1 Reaction Rate Law

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SN1 Reaction Rate Law

\text{Rate} = k[R-X]

First-order kinetics rate law for Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1).applies whenPolar protic solvents, stable carbocation formation.kineticsSN1

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All 28 Organic Compounds Containing Halogens formulas

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Reactions

28 formulas

SN1 Reaction Rate Law

\text{Rate} = k[R-X]

First-order kinetics rate law for Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1).

applies whenPolar protic solvents, stable carbocation formation.

kineticsSN1

SN2 Reaction Rate Law

\text{Rate} = k[R-X][Nu^-]

Second-order kinetics rate law for Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution (SN2).

applies whenPolar aprotic solvents, less sterically hindered substrate.

kineticsSN2

Reaction with AgCN

R-X + AgCN \rightarrow R-NC + AgX

Nucleophilic substitution with covalent silver cyanide yielding alkyl isocyanides.

applies whenCovalent reagent, attack via Nitrogen.

nucleophilic_substitutionambident

Reaction with AgNO2

R-X + AgNO_2 \rightarrow R-NO_2 + AgX

Nucleophilic substitution yielding nitroalkanes.

applies whenCovalent reagent, linkage through nitrogen.

nucleophilic_substitutionambident

Darzens Process

R-OH + SOCl_2 \rightarrow R-Cl + SO_2\uparrow + HCl\uparrow

Preferred method for preparing alkyl chlorides using thionyl chloride.

applies whenBest for pure R-Cl synthesis because byproducts are escapable gases.

preparationalcoholsdarzens

Dow's Process

C_6H_5Cl \xrightarrow[300\text{ atm}, \text{ then } H^+]{NaOH, 623\text{ K}} C_6H_5OH

Conversion of chlorobenzene to phenol under drastic conditions.

applies whenExtreme temperature and pressure required due to partial double bond character of C-Cl.

nucleophilic_aromatic_substitution

E1 Reaction Rate Law

\text{Rate} = k[R-X]

First-order kinetics rate law for Unimolecular Elimination (E1).

applies whenWeak base, polar protic solvent, heat, stable carbocation.

kineticseliminationE1jee-advanced

E2 Reaction Rate Law

\text{Rate} = k[R-X][B^-]

Second-order kinetics rate law for Bimolecular Elimination (E2).

applies whenStrong bulky base, heat, anti-periplanar beta-hydrogen.

kineticseliminationE2jee-advanced

Finkelstein Reaction

R-X + NaI \xrightarrow{\text{dry acetone}} R-I + NaX\downarrow

Halogen exchange reaction to prepare alkyl iodides.

applies whenX = Cl, Br. Driven forward by precipitation of NaX in dry acetone.

preparationhalogen_exchangenamed_reaction

Fittig Reaction

2Ar-X + 2Na \xrightarrow{\text{dry ether}} Ar-Ar + 2NaX

Coupling of two aryl halides to form a diaryl/biphenyl.

applies whenDry ether solvent.

couplingnamed_reactiondiaryl

Grignard Reaction with Water

RMgX + H_2O \rightarrow RH + Mg(OH)X

Destruction of Grignard reagent by acidic hydrogen (like water) to form alkanes.

applies whenOccurs in presence of trace moisture or any acidic proton (alcohols, amines).

organometallicgrignard

Grignard Reagent Preparation

R-X + Mg \xrightarrow{\text{dry ether}} RMgX

Formation of alkyl magnesium halide from haloalkane.

applies whenMust be completely moisture-free.

organometallicgrignard

Reaction with KCN

R-X + KCN \rightarrow R-CN + KX

Nucleophilic substitution with ionic potassium cyanide yielding alkyl cyanides.

applies whenPredominantly ionic reagent, attack via Carbon.

nucleophilic_substitutionambident

Reaction with KNO2

R-X + KNO_2 \rightarrow R-O-N=O + KX

Nucleophilic substitution yielding alkyl nitrites.

applies whenIonic reagent, linkage through oxygen.

nucleophilic_substitutionambident

Reduction with LiAlH4

R-X + LiAlH_4 \rightarrow R-H

Nucleophilic substitution by hydride ion yielding an alkane.

applies whenStrong reducing agent required.

reductionnucleophilic_substitution

Markovnikov Addition of HX

R-CH=CH_2 + HX \rightarrow R-CH(X)-CH_3

Addition of hydrogen halide to an unsymmetrical alkene.

applies whenNegative part of addendum attaches to carbon with fewer hydrogens.

additionalkene

Enantiomeric Excess (Optical Purity)

ee\% = \frac{[\alpha]_{\text{mixture}}}{[\alpha]_{\text{pure enantiomer}}} \times 100

Calculation of enantiomeric excess in a racemic or partially resolved mixture.

applies whenUsed for optically active mixtures.

stereochemistryenantiomeric_excessjee-advanced

Haloalkane from Alcohol (HCl)

R-OH + HCl \xrightarrow{ZnCl_2} R-Cl + H_2O

Preparation of alkyl chloride using HCl and zinc chloride catalyst (Lucas Reagent).

applies whenPrimary and secondary alcohols require ZnCl2. Tertiary acts at room temp.

preparationalcoholslucas

Haloalkane from Alcohol (NaBr)

R-OH + NaBr + H_2SO_4 \rightarrow R-Br + NaHSO_4 + H_2O

Preparation of alkyl bromide using sodium bromide and sulfuric acid.

applies whenUsed for alkyl bromides.

preparationalcohols

Haloalkane from Alcohol (PX3)

3R-OH + PX_3 \rightarrow 3R-X + H_3PO_3

Preparation of alkyl halide using phosphorus trihalide.

applies whenX = Cl, Br. For Br and I, PBr3 and PI3 are generated in situ from red P and X2.

preparationalcohols

Esterification with Silver Carboxylate

R-X + R'COOAg \rightarrow R'COOR + AgX\downarrow

Reaction of alkyl halide with silver salt of carboxylic acid.

esterificationnucleophilic_substitution

SN1 Reactivity Order

3^\circ > 2^\circ > 1^\circ > CH_3X

Order of reactivity of alkyl halides in SN1 reactions based on carbocation stability.

applies whenAssumes identical halogen leaving groups.

reactivity_trendSN1

SN2 Reactivity Order

CH_3X > 1^\circ > 2^\circ > 3^\circ

Order of reactivity of alkyl halides in SN2 reactions based on steric hindrance.

applies whenAssumes identical halogen leaving groups.

reactivity_trendSN2

Specific Optical Rotation Formula

[\alpha]_\lambda^T = \frac{\alpha}{l \times c}

Formula to calculate specific optical rotation of a chiral compound.

applies whenl in dm, c in g/mL.

stereochemistryoptical_activityjee-advanced

Swarts Reaction

R-X + AgF \rightarrow R-F + AgX\downarrow

Halogen exchange reaction to prepare alkyl fluorides.

applies whenX = Cl, Br. Heating with metallic fluorides like AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2, or SbF3.

preparationhalogen_exchangenamed_reaction

Williamson Ether Synthesis

R-X + NaOR' \rightarrow R-O-R' + NaX

Reaction of alkyl halide with sodium alkoxide.

applies whenBest yields with primary alkyl halides.

ether_synthesisnucleophilic_substitution

Wurtz Reaction

2R-X + 2Na \xrightarrow{\text{dry ether}} R-R + 2NaX

Coupling of two alkyl halides with sodium to form a symmetrical alkane.

applies whenDry ether solvent.

couplingnamed_reactionalkane_synthesis

Wurtz-Fittig Reaction

Ar-X + R-X + 2Na \xrightarrow{\text{dry ether}} Ar-R + 2NaX

Coupling of an alkyl halide and an aryl halide to form an alkylarene.

applies whenDry ether solvent.

couplingnamed_reactionalkylarene

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