Chemistry · Organic Chemistry

Biomolecules formulas for JEE

Every Biomolecules formula you need for JEE, grouped by concept.

FormulasRevision notes
15 formulas2 concepts
01Biomolecules - Carbohydrates02Biomolecules - Proteins and Nucleic Acids
01

Biomolecules - Carbohydrates

12 formulas

General Formula of Carbohydrates

Cx(H2O)y\text{C}_x(\text{H}_2\text{O})_y

Classical representation of carbohydrates as hydrates of carbon.

applies whenHas exceptions: some carbohydrates (e.g., rhamnose, C6H12O5) do not fit, and some non-carbohydrates (e.g., acetic acid, C2(H2O)2) do.
carbohydratesgeneral_formula

Acetylation of Glucose

CHO−(CHOH)4−CH2OH+5(CH3CO)2O→CHO−(CHOCOCH3)4−CH2OCOCH3+5CH3COOH\text{CHO}-(\text{CHOH})_4-\text{CH}_2\text{OH} + 5(\text{CH}_3\text{CO})_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{CHO}-(\text{CHOCOCH}_3)_4-\text{CH}_2\text{OCOCH}_3 + 5\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}

Reaction with acetic anhydride yields glucose pentaacetate, confirming five -OH groups.

applies whenAnhydrous conditions.
acetylationesterificationpentaacetate

Mild Oxidation of Glucose

CHO−(CHOH)4−CH2OH→Br2/H2OCOOH−(CHOH)4−CH2OH\text{CHO}-(\text{CHOH})_4-\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \xrightarrow{\text{Br}_2 / \text{H}_2\text{O}} \text{COOH}-(\text{CHOH})_4-\text{CH}_2\text{OH}

Oxidation with bromine water yields gluconic acid, proving the carbonyl is an aldehyde.

applies whenRequires a mild oxidizing agent like Br2 water.
oxidationmildgluconic_acid

Glucose reaction with HCN

CHO−(CHOH)4−CH2OH+HCN→CH(OH)(CN)−(CHOH)4−CH2OH\text{CHO}-(\text{CHOH})_4-\text{CH}_2\text{OH} + \text{HCN} \rightarrow \text{CH(OH)(CN)}-(\text{CHOH})_4-\text{CH}_2\text{OH}

Reaction forming a cyanohydrin, proving the presence of a carbonyl group.

applies whenOccurs with the open-chain form of glucose.
cyanohydrinnucleophilic_additionglucose

Reduction of Glucose with HI

CHO−(CHOH)4−CH2OH→Δ,HICH3−(CH2)4−CH3\text{CHO}-(\text{CHOH})_4-\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \xrightarrow{\Delta, \text{HI}} \text{CH}_3-(\text{CH}_2)_4-\text{CH}_3

Prolonged heating of glucose with hydrogen iodide yields n-hexane, proving its 6-carbon straight chain.

applies whenProlonged heating with concentrated HI.
reductionglucosestructure_elucidation

Strong Oxidation of Glucose

CHO−(CHOH)4−CH2OH→HNO3COOH−(CHOH)4−COOH\text{CHO}-(\text{CHOH})_4-\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \xrightarrow{\text{HNO}_3} \text{COOH}-(\text{CHOH})_4-\text{COOH}

Oxidation with nitric acid yields saccharic (glucaric) acid, proving the presence of a primary alcohol.

applies whenRequires a strong oxidizing agent like HNO3.
oxidationstrongsaccharic_acid

Glucose reaction with Hydroxylamine

CHO−(CHOH)4−CH2OH+NH2OH→CH=NOH−(CHOH)4−CH2OH+H2O\text{CHO}-(\text{CHOH})_4-\text{CH}_2\text{OH} + \text{NH}_2\text{OH} \rightarrow \text{CH=NOH}-(\text{CHOH})_4-\text{CH}_2\text{OH} + \text{H}_2\text{O}

Reaction confirming the presence of a carbonyl group via oxime formation.

applies whenOccurs with the open-chain form of glucose.
carbonyl_additionoximeglucose

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Maltose

C12H22O11+H2O→Maltase2C6H12O6\text{C}_{12}\text{H}_{22}\text{O}_{11} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightarrow{\text{Maltase}} 2\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6

Hydrolysis of maltose catalyzed by the enzyme maltase.

applies whenPhysiological/enzymatic conditions.
enzymemaltosehydrolysis

Mutarotation Equilibrium Specific Rotation

[α]eq=[α]αXα+[α]βXβ[\alpha]_{\text{eq}} = [\alpha]_{\alpha} X_{\alpha} + [\alpha]_{\beta} X_{\beta}

Calculation of the specific rotation of an anomeric mixture at equilibrium.

applies whenAqueous solution allowed to reach dynamic equilibrium.
mutarotationanomersjee-advanced

Osazone Formation

C6H12O6+3PhNHNH2→ΔGlucosazone+PhNH2+NH3+2H2O\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 3\text{PhNHNH}_2 \xrightarrow{\Delta} \text{Glucosazone} + \text{PhNH}_2 + \text{NH}_3 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O}

Reaction of reducing sugars with excess phenylhydrazine to form an osazone. Glucose, fructose, and mannose form the exact same osazone.

applies whenExcess (3 equivalents) of phenylhydrazine is required.
osazonephenylhydrazinejee-advanced

Commercial Preparation of Glucose

(C6H10O5)n+nH2O→2−3 atm393 K,H+nC6H12O6(\text{C}_6\text{H}_{10}\text{O}_5)_n + n\text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightarrow[2-3 \text{ atm}]{393\text{ K}, \text{H}^+} n\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6

Hydrolysis of starch or cellulose yielding n molecules of glucose.

applies whenBoiled with dilute H2SO4 at 393 K under 2-3 atm pressure.
hydrolysisstarchpolysaccharides

Hydrolysis of Sucrose

C12H22O11+H2O→H+C6H12O6 (Glucose)+C6H12O6 (Fructose)\text{C}_{12}\text{H}_{22}\text{O}_{11} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightarrow{\text{H}^+} \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 \, (\text{Glucose}) + \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 \, (\text{Fructose})

Hydrolysis of cane sugar yielding equimolar glucose and fructose (invert sugar).

applies whenBoiled with dilute HCl or H2SO4 in alcoholic solution.
hydrolysissucrosedisaccharides
02

Biomolecules - Proteins and Nucleic Acids

3 formulas

Peptide Bond Linkage

−CO−NH−-\text{CO}-\text{NH}-

The amide bond connecting alpha-amino acids in proteins.

applies whenFormed by condensation with elimination of a water molecule.
peptide_bondproteinslinkage

Isoelectric Point (pI) Calculation

pI=pKa1+pKa22pI = \frac{pK_{a1} + pK_{a2}}{2}

The pH at which an amino acid carries no net electrical charge.

applies whenUses the two pKa values flanking the electrically neutral zwitterion species.
isoelectric_pointamino_acidsjee-advanced

Amino Acid Zwitterion Equilibrium

R−CH(NH2)−COOH⇌R−CH(NH3+)−COO−\text{R}-\text{CH}(\text{NH}_2)-\text{COOH} \rightleftharpoons \text{R}-\text{CH}(\text{NH}_3^+)-\text{COO}^-

Aqueous equilibrium showing an amino acid existing as a neutral, dipolar ion.

applies whenAqueous solution at intermediate pH ranges.
amino_acidzwitterionequilibrium
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